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TNF-alpha is produced by neutrophils, CD4+ T-cells, macrophage, NK cells, LAK cells, astrocytes endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells. TNF-alpha is cytolytic and plays an important role in immune regulation, including hemorrhagic tumor necrosis/cytotoxicity and inflammation, and in regulation of antiviral and immune proliferative and activation responses. The active form of this protein is a trimer. Recombinant human TNF-alpha contains an additional amino acid, methionine, attached at the N-terminus.